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Trump and the Alien Enemies Act of 1798: The Deportation of Venezuelan Gang Members as “Irregular Warfare”.

Trump and the Alien Enemies Act of 1798: The Deportation of Venezuelan Gang Members as “Irregular Warfare”.

In March 2025, President Donald Trump invoked the Alien Enemies Act to expedite the deportation of Venezuelan migrants suspected of gang affiliations, specifically targeting the Tren de Aragua gang. This marked an unprecedented peacetime application of the act, as the United States is not officially at war with Venezuela. While not able to stop the beginning of the deportations, a federal judge issued a fourteen-day restraining order, opening to legal debates about the scope and applicability of the act in contemporary contexts.

Europe’s Defense Conundrum: Why PESCO and Other Initiatives Always Fall Short.

Europe’s Defense Conundrum: Why PESCO and Other Initiatives Always Fall Short.

The European Union has long aspired to bolster its collective security and strategic autonomy. Over the past decade, initiatives such as the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), the European Defence Fund (EDF), and the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) have been launched to strengthen European defense capabilities. However, these initiatives, while symbolically significant, have failed to provide Europe with a coherent and effective security framework. As geopolitical tensions rise, particularly with an increasingly aggressive Russia and ongoing instability in the Middle East and North Africa, it is time for Europe to acknowledge the fundamental flaws in its current defense approach and consider more radical solutions.

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The Russian Strategy: offensive (action and interference), defensive, and deterrent. Digital diplomacy, cyber warfare, and artificial intelligence in global competition.

The Russian Strategy: offensive (action and interference), defensive, and deterrent. Digital diplomacy, cyber warfare, and artificial intelligence in global competition.

This article explores the Russian strategy of digital diplomacy, cyber warfare, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as fundamental tools in global competition. Initially welcomed, Russian soft diplomacy has experienced fluctuations due to information campaigns that have damaged the country’s international image. In recent years, Russia has developed a “digital diplomacy” to influence international public opinion, leveraging tools like social media to spread polarizing messages and alternative news. At the same time, the country has enhanced its cyber warfare capabilities, considering it an essential component of information operations and a means to achieve an asymmetric military balance against the West. The use of AI amplifies these operations, enabling large-scale disinformation and strengthening espionage techniques and cyber-attacks, with the goal of destabilizing adversaries and consolidating Russian influence on a global scale.